Glossary

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Ouroboros Genesis

Olga Hryniuk

03/21/2022

This version of Ouroboros is planned to be deployed in 2023. Genesis adds a novel chain selection rule that enables new or offline parties to safely rejoin the blockchain without a need to do so from the genesis block. This provides the same security guarantees and simplifies the bootstrapping procedure for nodes that were offline for a long period of time.

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Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)

Olga Hryniuk

01/20/2023

Cryptography Smart Contracts + 1

Cardano uses the Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) with elliptic curve Curve25519 as its base curve (aka. Ed25519). This gives fast signature verification and small signature sizes, which helps to improve the overall performance and security of the blockchain. Additionally, Ed25519 is designed to be resistant to certain types of cryptographic...

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Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)

Olga Hryniuk

01/20/2023

Cryptography Smart Contracts

ECC is used for developing cryptographic protocols and secure applications. ECC provides the same level of security as other mechanisms while using shorter keys and signatures. Examples of elliptic curves include Standards for Efficient Cryptography (SECP) signatures such as Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) and Schnorr.

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Utility token

Olga Hryniuk

09/23/2022

Tokenization Multi-asset

A digital token that holds certain functionality in regard to a concrete project or environment. These tokens can be used as payment units, rewards, or grant access to a specific network.

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Security token

Olga Hryniuk

09/23/2022

Tokenization Token

A digital asset that derives its value from an external asset that can be traded. Usually, it represents stocks, bonds, or revenue participation notes. Security tokens are subject to federal law governing regulations.

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Saturation

Olga Hryniuk

09/23/2022

Cardano Proof of stake + 1

A term used to indicate that a particular stake pool has more stake delegated to it than is ideal for the network. Saturation is displayed as a percentage. Once a stake pool reaches 100% saturation, it will offer diminishing rewards. The saturation mechanism was designed to prevent centralization by encouraging delegators to delegate to different stake pools...

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Redeemer

Olga Hryniuk

09/23/2022

Smart Contracts Plutus + 1

A piece of information that can be associated with a UTXO and attached to the input transaction to unlock funds from a script.

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Performance

Olga Hryniuk

09/23/2022

Proof of stake SPO

A measure of the efficiency of a stake pool, given as a percentage, is measured by how many blocks the stake pool has produced (and that are recorded on the main chain) compared to how many it was nominated to produce. For example, if a pool only produces half the number of blocks that were nominated, its performance rating is 50%. This could happen because ...

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Merkle tree

Olga Hryniuk

09/23/2022

Development blockchain

A data structure used in blockchain applications to encode data in a secure and efficient way. The Merkle tree allows a block of transactions to be generated in a single hash, which is used to verify its validity to the original set of transactions. Using hashes is time efficient and does not require the validation of every transaction from the chain history...

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Incentive

Olga Hryniuk

09/23/2022

Cardano Decentralization + 2

A way to encourage participants in the system to engage in the network by rewarding them with a return that is proportional to their efforts. Incentives aim to ensure equality and fairness in a distributed network of participants by encouraging consistent, active, and strong participation. Cardano's incentives model uses game theory to calculate the incentiv...

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Faucet

Olga Hryniuk

03/21/2022

Faucet Testnet

A web-based service that provides free tokens for testnets. Cardano testnets faucet can be found here.

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Datum

Olga Hryniuk

09/23/2022

Smart Contracts Plutus + 1

A piece of information that can be associated with a UTXO and is used to carry the script state such as its owner or the timing details of when the UTXO can be spent.

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Cost per epoch

Olga Hryniuk

09/23/2022

Staking proof of stake + 1

A fixed fee, in ada, which the stake pool operator takes from the pool rewards every epoch to cover the costs of running a stake pool. The cost per epoch is subtracted from the total ada rewarded to a pool, before the operator takes their profit margin. Whatever remains is shared proportionally among the delegators.

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Controlled stake

Olga Hryniuk

09/23/2022

Staking Proof of stake

The total amount of stake that a stake pool controls. It combines the stake that is owned by the pool operator with any stake that has been delegated to the pool by other ada holders. It can be measured as a total ada amount (e.g., 3 million ada), or as a percentage of the total supply of ada within the network (e.g., 5%).

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CFD

Olga Hryniuk

09/23/2022

DeFi

Contract for difference. Part of a wider group of trading products known as derivatives, they are a popular method of trading stocks, bonds, and commodities.

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Adrestia

Olga Hryniuk

09/23/2022

Cardano Development + 1

Adrestia is a collection of products that simplify integration with Cardano. It is made of several application programming interfaces (APIs), command-line interfaces (CLIs), and software development kits (SDKs). Alternatively, Adrestia may also refer to the team working on the project itself.

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Address

Olga Hryniuk

09/23/2022

Blockchain

A data structure used in transaction outputs to convey various pieces of information. All addresses carry a network-discriminant tag to distinguish between different networks (e.g., mainnet or testnet) and a proof of ownership (i.e., a proof of who owns the transaction output). Some addresses also carry delegation choices or script references.

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